AP Style: "Said" vs. "Says" – A Definitive Guide for Writers
The Associated Press (AP) Stylebook is the gold standard for many journalists and writers. When it comes to attribution verbs, the choice between "said" and "says" is often a point of confusion. This guide clarifies the AP style preference and provides practical examples to help you write clear and concise prose.
The AP Style Preference: "Said"
The AP Stylebook strongly prefers the past tense verb "said" for attributing quotes. This preference stems from a desire for objectivity and neutrality in reporting. Using "said" keeps the focus squarely on the information being presented, rather than drawing attention to the writer's style or interpretation.
Why "Said" is Preferred:
- Objectivity: "Said" is a neutral, unobtrusive verb. It doesn't inject opinion or bias into the writing.
- Clarity: It's straightforward and easily understood by readers. The focus remains on the quote, not the verb used to introduce it.
- Conciseness: "Said" is short and to the point, avoiding unnecessary words.
When "Says" Might Be Acceptable (Rare Exceptions):
While "said" is the preferred choice, there are extremely limited circumstances where "says" might be acceptable. These scenarios are usually tied to the context of the writing and require careful consideration.
- Present Tense Narrative: If you're writing a narrative that's entirely in the present tense, using "says" might maintain consistency. However, this is uncommon in journalistic writing. Such instances would need to be carefully reviewed in the context of the overall piece.
- Direct Quote Within a Larger Present Tense Sentence: If a direct quote sits within a larger sentence that's already in the present tense, using "says" may improve the flow. Again, this should be a very rare exception, carefully considered for its impact on clarity and overall readability.
Examples Illustrating AP Style:
Correct (Using "said"):
- "The president said, 'We are committed to this plan.'"
- "She said that the evidence was inconclusive."
- "He said, 'I have no further comment at this time.'"
Incorrect (Using "says," unless in rare exception):
- "The president says, 'We are committed to this plan.'" (Incorrect unless the situation is described entirely in the present tense)
- "She says that the evidence was inconclusive." (Incorrect unless the surrounding text is in the present tense and the use of "says" significantly improves clarity and flow.)
Beyond "Said" and "Says": Using Stronger Verbs Sparingly
While "said" is generally preferred, other attribution verbs can be used sparingly. However, choose them judiciously. Overuse can distract from the quote itself. Examples include: added, explained, noted, remarked, stated. Only employ these alternative verbs if they precisely convey the speaker's tone or manner of speaking. Avoid flowery or overly dramatic verbs.
In Conclusion:
Sticking to "said" in most cases is the safest and most effective approach when following AP style. This ensures clarity, objectivity, and a consistent tone in your writing. Remember, your primary goal is to deliver the information effectively and unobtrusively, letting the quotes themselves speak for themselves.
